Part2: R-Language Basics

 Data Types and Basic Operations:

1. Objects:
   In every computer language variables provide a means of accessing the data stored in memory. R does not provide direct access to the computer’s memory but rather provides a number of specialized data structures we will refer to as objects.These objects are referred to through symbols or variables.

R has five basic or atomic classes of objects:

1. characters
2. numeric(real numbers)
3. integer
4. complex
5. logical(True or False)

2. Basic types:

2.1 Vectors:

The most basic object in R is vector. A vector can only contain objects of the same class. But the exception is a 'list', which is represent  as a vector but can contain objects of different classes. Empty vectors can be created with the vector() function.

 2.2 Lists:
Lists are another kind of data storage. Lists have elements, each of which can contain any type of R object, i.e. the elements of a list do not have to be of the same type.

Part1: Introduction and Installation of R Programming Language

  R is really interesting  open source programming language and software environment for statistical computing and graphics. It compiles and run on wide verity  of UNIX platforms, Windows and Mac OS. It provides, among other things, a programming language, high level graphics, interfaces to other languages and debugging facilities.

 The source code for the R software environment is written primarily in C, Fortan, and R. R is freely available under the GNU General Public License. R uses a command line interface; however, Rstudio like graphical interface are available for use with R.

Simple Program to copy its input to output

This program copy anything to anything.Since the input and output can be redirected to any file or device.
   We can write a simple program to copy its input to output.we use low level I/O read and write system calls.we have collected function prototypes for the system calls into a file called syscalls.h.so we can include it in this program.but the name syscalls.h is not standard.In UNIX system "unistd.h" is used instead of "syscalls.h".The program code is below:














The parameter BUFSIZ is defined in "stdio.h"; Its value is  good size for the local system. if the file size is not a multiple of BUFSIZ, some read will return a smaller number of bytes to be written by write; the next call to read after that will return zero.

Git Basics and Using Github

Hi, this blog entry is for beginners who want to try out Git and GitHub. I am setting up this on Ubuntu .

What is Git and How is setting Up with Ubuntu? :

Git  is a distributed revision control and source code management (SCM) system with an emphasis on speed. Git was initially designed and developed by Linus Torvalds for Linux kernel development.

Setting up Git in your system:

First install Git in your machine, Enter the command seen in Below in terminal(Alt+Shift+T):

You can test the installation by simply typing git.It should print out the instructions of Git

 












If you don't see this.then try to install Git again

MY FIRST AVR PROGRAMMER IN LINUX

          It is simple to beginners...!.simple AVR Programmer will allow you to transfer hex programs to most ATMEL AVR microcontrollers in less time. It is more reliable one and built in short time.

          It consist of simple circuit serial programmer.You may also use this programmer as a stand alone in-circuit serial programmer that can be used to conveniently program AVR microcontrollers without removing them from the target circuit. This programmer is tested with Pony Prog software.my OS is linux, PonyProg version is also available for windows and Linux. The GUI version is simple for beginners. The link for linux version is Here

          After downloading, Login as root, execute the command "tar xfz ponyprog.tar.gz" and follow the instructions int the README file. PonyProg for Linux needs the V lib shared library v1.20 or later to work.

AVR Serial Programmer Circuit

Components required:

Resistors:

R1 = 4.7k

R2 = 10k

R3 = 4.7k

R4 = 15k

R5 = 10k

Diode:

D1 = 1N4148

D2 = 5.1V ZENER

D3 = 5.1V ZENER

Transistor:

Q1 = BC549

Connector: DB9 (to serial port of PC) 

Bread Board

Connection to target AVR microcontroller: