How to fix Grub Error after reinstalling Windows7 on a dual boot laptop ?

Problem is that After re-installing Windows7, When the laptop was rebooted, Grub Error 17 Message appeared.

Solution :

Boot from Ubuntu 10.04 LTS or other linux versions

Start Ubuntu Without installetion

MP3/iPod Mini speaker System

Do you have any interest in music? Do you wish you could listen and share your music wherever you go? With the mini speaker system project, you can listen to music whenever you want: your dorm, your cubicle, or at the beach. This is a great introduction to circuit systems, featuring an introductory amplifier circuit, a filter circuit, and a simple enclosure. When you're done, all you need to do is add a 9V battery, plug in and play!

The Amplifier In Mini speaker system: it amplifies the current. That is, it takes an electrical signal and makes the signal stronger, and in the end, louder. An electrical signal that is passed by an amplifier comes out louder through the speaker than one that hasn't been amplified. Also, because the signal is strengthened by an amplifier, you can play that music through higher resistant speakers. This amplifier is a solid-state-hi-gain design and is intended to run through an 8 ohm speaker.Schematic of the amplifier section is follows.

Debian expert's shortcuts

MOUNTING NTFS FORMATTED DRIVES IN DEBIAN OS

Steps as follows:

• first take the login window in system administaration and check the box to login local user

for ntfs file system mounting:

1. First login using

user name:root

Password:your actual password

• Next is creat folder in media ,like" /media/c"

• then open terminal and type" fdisk -l".It gives the properties of partitions

Open Programmer

An open source USB programmer for PIC micros, I2C-SPI-MicroWire EEPROMs, some ATMEL micros, generic I2C/SPI devices

Quick review

• Completely free and Open Source


• Programs PIC10-12-16-18-24, dsPIC30-33, EEPROMs type 24xxxx (I2C), 25xxx (SPI), 93xx6 (MicroWire), some ATMEL micros, communicates with generic I2C & SPI devices


• Can work as ICD debugger


• USB 2.0 Full Speed interface, HID class (same as keyboards, mice, etc.)


• Self powered


• Doesn't need drivers


• Built from easy to find components (estimated cost ~10€)


• Hardware generated timings for maximum speed and reliability (writes a 18F2550 in 15s, 8s under Linux)


• Doesn't saturate your CPU and doesn't suffer when other programs are running


• Open source control programs for Linux and Windows

PC Based Oscilloscope

        Now a day more and more experiments are now 'PC Based'. Also conventional acquisition systems are very expensive.Since Portable PCs are now common and USB link is better solution than Other ports.Here we present an Oscilloscope using USB Port of the PC that operates up to 10Khz with ±16V input voltage

         The oscilloscope uses IC PIC18F2550 from Microchip as the main controller, which makes the oscilloscope compact as there is no need of additional power supply for the entire circuit board. The microcontoller has an USB2.0 compliant transceiver and a CPU running up to 12 MB/s.It has a 10Bit ADC module with up to 13- channel multiplexer.

• A user-interface softwar  is used for output.

• IC LF-353 is used as a voltage-follower.It is a JFET input opamp with an internally compensated input offset voltage.The JFET input device provides wide band-width,low input bias currents and offset currents.


• IC MCP6S91  is an analogue programmable gain amplifier that is well suited to driving ADC converters and an analogue input to a PIC microcontroller.Two MCP6S91 programmable gain amplifiers make it possible to choose the input ranges for each of the two channels,by selecting a gain from 1:1 to 32:1.


• Major advantages of the USB is the ability to drive 5V,100mA devices.All the data is transmitted on the D+/D- symmetrical pins of USB using a variable bit rate.The position of a resistor on D+/D- allows to choose the full speed (12 Mbps) and low speed(1.5 Mbps) modes.


• A user-interface software written in VISUAL BASIC 6 used as user -interface unit.


• PC monitor is used as the output unit. USB and User software are connected by driver software mcchp.sys.


• All the data is transmitted on the D+/D- symmetrical pins using a variable bit rate. The position of a resistor (R13) on D+or D- in Circuit allows you to choose between the full-speed (12 Mbps) and low speed modes (1.5 Mbps).The VUSB pin may be used to pullup D+ or D- .Thepull-up resistor must be 1.5 kilo-ohms(±5%) as required by the USB specifications.


• 


• COMPONENTS LIST
  IC1 - PIC18F2550 microcontroller
  IC2, IC3 - MCP6S91 programmable gain amplifier
  IC4(A, B),
  IC5(A, B) - LF353 dual operational amplifier
  IC6 - ICL7660 switched-capacitor voltage converters
  Resistors (all ¼-watt, ±5% carbon):
  R1, R7 - 1-mega-ohm
  R2, R8 - 82-kilo-ohm
  R3, R9 - 33-kilo-ohm
  R4, R10 - 220-kilo-ohm
  R5, R11 - 150-kilo-ohm
  R6, R12 - 1-kilo-ohm
  Capacitors:
  C1, C2 - 2.7pF ceramic
  C3, C4,
  C5, C6 - 68nF ceramic
  C7 - 0.022μF polyester
  C8 - 150nF ceramic
  C9 - 10μF, 16V electrolytic
  C10 - 47μF, 16V electrolytic
  Miscellaneous:
  X1 - 4MHz crystal oscillator
  CON1 - USB socket (type-B) for PCB


• Programming description: The program for the microcontroller is written in ‘C’ language.All operations are initiated by the host (the PC), which sends a 16-byte command.The first command byte determines the chip actions. The four possible actions are:
  1. Command 80h: Clears the EEPROMcalibration memory
  2. Command 81h: Receives parameters,and stores the gain-error compensation for the two channels.
  3. Command 83h: Initiates a zerocalibration sequence of the two channels.The two inputs have to be grounded.
  4. Command 85h: Initiates measurement of the input signals.
  The PIC software consists of eight ‘C’ program source files, 14header files
  and a linker file all under‘aquis.mcp’ project


• REFERENCE: 1.Electronics For You December 2006
  2.www.wikipedia.org
  3.www.alldatasheet.com
  4.www.microchip.com
  5.www.electronicsforu.com
  Govt.


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